1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1
1.1 Technology Landscape 1
1.2 A Young Industry after All 4
2 Power Management Technologies ...................................... 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Integrated Circuits Power Technology:
Processing and Packaging 10
Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 10
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Transistors 15
DMOS Transistors 16
CMOS Transistors 17
Passive Components 17
A Monolithic Process Example 18
Packaging 18
2.3 Discrete Power Technology: Processing and Packaging 20
From Wall to Board 20
Power MOSFET Technology Basics 21
Package Technologies 23
2.4 Ongoing Trends 24

viii Contents
3 Circuits ............................................................................... 25
Part I Analog Circuits 26
3.1 Transistors 26
NPN 26
PNP 27
Trans-Conductance 27
Transistor as Transfer-Resistor 28
Transistor Equations 29
MOS versus Bipolar Transistors 30
3.2 Elementary Circuits 32
Current Mirror 32
Current Source 32
Differential Input Stage 33
Differential to Single Input Stage
Buffer 35
34
3.3 Operational Amplifier (Opamp) 35
Inverting and Non-Inverting Inputs 36
Rail to Rail Output Operation
CMOSOpamp 37
Opamp Symbol and Configurations 38
DC Open Loop Gain 38
AC Open Loop Gain 39
37
3.4 Voltage Reference 41
Positive TC of AVBE 41
Negative TC of VBE 4 1
Build a AVBE 42
Building a Voltage Reference 43
Fractional Band-Gap Voltage Reference 44
3.5 Voltage Regulator 46
3.6 Linear versus Switching 48
3.7 Switching Regulators 49
3.8 Buck Converters 49
Switching Regulator Power Train 50
Output Capacitor 52
Electrolytic Capacitors and Transient Response
Ceramic Capacitors 53
Losses in the Power Train
The Analog Modulator 56
Driver 57

This book discusses state-of-the-art power management techniques of
modern electronic appliances relying on such Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI) chips as CPUs and DSPs.
It also covers specific circuit design issues and their implications,
including original derivation of important expressions.
This book is geared toward systems and applications, although it
also gets into the specific technical aspects of discrete and integrated
solutions, like the analysis of circuits within the power chips which
power PCs and other modern electronics.
The first half of this book is a good complement to classic semiconductor
text books because it deals with the same complex issues in a
more conversational way. It avoids completely the use of complex
expressions and minimizing the use of formulas to useful ones, that
allow us to plug values in and get an actual result.
The second half of the book is a broad review of the modern technology
landscape seen through the eyes of the power management engineer,
continually challenged by the rising complexity of modern
electronic appliances.