能量收集在汽車應用中利用多種來源

　　車輛提供了各種各樣的環境能量來源，足以提供低功率傳感器甚至許多執行器。雖然電動汽車捕捉動能再生制動充電電池組，傳統的動力車可以利用可用的熱，振動和太陽能利用廣泛的可用的傳感器和專門的ICS陣列。

　　能量收集技術為汽車、卡車和任何類型的車輛提供不同的系統和附加裝置提供了潛力。除了增加新功能的能力外，能量收集還可以減去車輛重量和成本的相當大的組成部分。具體來說，消除甚至減少線束的能力意味著更輕的重量和更簡單的車輛物理設計，從而轉化為更高的性能、更低的成本和更大的設計靈活性。

　　對于電動汽車來說，能量收集的重點仍然是改進主牽引傳動和充電電池的方法。利用其他形式的能源收集有助于電動汽車的經濟性。電動汽車中的一次牽引電池可以占到車輛成本的一半，所以利用更多的環境能源的能力可以使更多的電池充電。

　　Electric vehicles can recover substantial amounts of energy from the vehicle‘s kinetic energy through the braking system， suspension， and shock absorbers. Among these methods， braking remains the primary source of energy harvesting in currently available vehicles. In response to higher-level speed-control algorithms， advanced algorithms in drive-motor controllers generate the appropriate three-phase voltage and current waveforms to produce the required torque in the drive motors to gradually slow the vehicle. Besides decreasing wear on brakes， the resulting back EMF generates energy used to recharge the battery， resulting in a regenerative braking effect.

　　As the driver further depresses the brake pedal to bring the vehicle to a complete stop， friction braking produces additional energy able to charge the traction battery. More advanced vehicles combine both methods to maximize energy harvesting from the vehicle’s kinetic motion. In these vehicles， controllers coordinate regenerative braking and friction braking， shifting from 100 percent regeneration to 100 percent friction braking， depending upon how far and hard the brake pedal is depressed （Figure 1）.